LeapFrog Leapster 2 Learning Game Case

LeapFrog Leapster 2 Learning Game Case

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Leapster 2 Handheld Case

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ELIXR - Universal Design for Learning in English Education Trailer

!±8± ELIXR - Universal Design for Learning in English Education Trailer

Universal Design for Learning in English Education By Chingling Wo pachyderm.cdl.edu Dr. Chingling Wo is a faculty member in the Department of English at Sonoma State University. In the Fall of 2006, Professor Wo attended a new faculty workshop sponsored by the Center for Teaching and Professional Development and presented by Dr. Emiliano Ayala. Professor Wo was introduced to Universal Design for Learning (UDL; CAST, 2008). She became attracted to the principles of UDL because she believes they respect and foster the diversity of her students.

ELIXR - Universal Design for Learning in English Education Trailer

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Learning How to Measure Marketing Effectiveness

!±8± Learning How to Measure Marketing Effectiveness

The problem of how to measure marketing effectiveness is one of the biggest dilemmas of many marketers today. Most often, marketing effectiveness is related to financial metrics, such as Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI) and Marketing ROI.

The concept of marketing effectiveness is largely related to the marketing activities undertaken by companies, as they plan and execute their product, price, place, and promotion strategies for the products or services that they sell. Marketing is usually defined as the process by which organizations create and distribute a product or service that their target customers will not only desire, but will also be willing to buy. Today, the field of marketing has become so broad that it already includes such activities as advertising, distribution, and selling. In addition, marketing has also come to mean anticipating the future wants and needs of customers, as well as monitoring the changes in consumer behavior.

Marketing plays a pivotal role in the achievement of organizational objectives. After all, an effective marketing strategy translates to increased sales; which in turn, leads to larger profit margins for companies. To ensure that all marketing activities achieve their purpose, company managers now see the need to quantify marketing performance or marketing effectiveness.

Modern marketers define marketing effectiveness as the quality by which marketing activities are implemented with the goal of optimizing company resources to achieve desirable short-term and long-term results. In assessing marketing effectiveness, there are four major dimensions that need to be considered namely, corporate, competitive, customers/consumers, and exogenous factors. The corporate dimension focuses on the size and financial capacity of the company to undertake marketing activities. The competitive dimension, on the other hand, centers on how competitors are likely to react or respond to their marketing activities. Competitive marketing information is an important commodity for this particular dimension.

Customer or consumer dimension, meanwhile, considers the need for a company to have a good understanding of how their customers make purchasing decisions. By achieving this, companies would be able to increase their marketing effectiveness. Lastly, exogenous factors refer to factors beyond the control of marketers that could potentially impact the effectiveness of marketing activities.

The level of marketing effectiveness could be improved by employing a marketing strategy that will prove to be more successful than that of one's competitors. In addition, marketers could also make certain changes in their marketing execution by changing some of its marketing mix decisions without necessarily changing their strategic plans. The same could also be achieved by changing the company's marketing infrastructure, which means changing the budgeting and agencies of companies, as well as promoting the coordination of marketing activities to gain desired results. Lastly, marketers should also be able to take advantage of certain factors beyond their control, like regulatory environment, seasonality, and interests that may influence the result of the marketing activities they undertake.

It is a challenge for marketers to learn how to measure marketing effectiveness. Such is no easy task. But it can be made easier by learning from experts and through the use of advanced software applications that make use of relevant marketing metrics.

Learning How to Measure Marketing Effectiveness

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Vocabulary Learning Strategies

!±8± Vocabulary Learning Strategies

THE ANALYTIC CONTENTS DEALT WITH IN THIS PAPER

Vocabulary acquisition is seen as an integral area of language teaching by linguistic researchers. Psychologists, linguists and language teachers have been interested in vocabulary learning strategies for a long time. They have come to understand the role of the lexicon in language learning and communication. Accordingly the increased attention to vocabulary teaching has become more important. In particular, during past fifteen years, the field of second language acquisition has seen renewed interest in vocabulary learning and acquisition. There are many dimensions to vocabulary acquisition, as reflected in the multitude of different areas of research being done on the topic.

In order to conduct the research in a more systematic and logical way, the researcher takes prominent variables such as person, task, context and strategy into account. These four factors are primarily introduced and defined, then in subsequent parts they are dealt with in great details. Having taken these important variables into consideration, the investigator also tries to shed significant light on major issues and comments concerning each variable.

CONCLUSION

The primary goal of this study is to investigate and review the effects of learning strategies on EFL vocabulary acquisition during recent years. Vocabulary acquisition can be best conceived as a process in which L2 learners negotiate word meaning from a text level to a word level. This shift is necessary so that the learner can form a mental connection between the word form and his/her meaning premise. Second language (L2) learners who use scaffolding strategies such as inferring word meanings through contextual clues and determining word meanings through dictionary reference stand to benefit.

Technically speaking, word knowledge includes the ability to recall meaning, infer meaning, comprehend a text, and communicate orally. No single approach can address all of these skills; when learners receive input about vocabulary only from reading or only from the use of lists, drills, or skill-building activities, they have not addressed the range of skills needed for word use. Effective approach to word learning should be multifaceted in what they require of the learner and rich in what they reveal about the target words. Put another way, most of the noted recent researchers came to this conclusion that the most efficient and practical learning approach involves a carefully selected combination of both explicit and implicit instruction and learning.

Word knowledge has linguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic aspects. Lexical competence is far more than the ability to define a given number of words; it involves knowing a great deal about each word, including information about its general frequency of use, the syntactic and situational limitations on its use, its generilizability, its collocational probabilities, its underlying form, its derived forms, and its semantic features. The process by which learners acquire this information appears to take place gradually over a long period of time, is very complex, and is quite difficult to investigate. In conclusion, a lot of work has been done to find overall patterns of strategy use.

However, the choice, use, and effectiveness of vocabulary learning strategies very much depend on the task (e.g. breadth vs. depth), the learner (e.g. cognitive and cultural styles of learning, motivation), and the context.

Vocabulary Learning Strategies

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